References

How to Cite This Handbook

The Public Health AI Handbook is a living, open-access resource that is regularly updated. This page provides guidance on how to properly cite the handbook in your work.

Quick Reference

TipCitation Recommendations
  • Citing the whole handbook? Use the BibTeX entry or format examples below
  • Citing a specific chapter? Use the chapter-level citation format
  • Referencing a study discussed in the handbook? Cite the original source directly
  • Always include: Version number or access date for online resources

Citing the Entire Handbook

BibTeX Format

@misc{tegomoh2025publichealth,
  author = {Tegomoh, Bryan},
  title = {The Public Health AI Handbook: A Practical Guide for Epidemiologists and Public Health Practitioners},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://publichealthaihandbook.com},
  note = {Accessed: [Your Access Date]}
}

APA Format (7th Edition)

Tegomoh, B. (2025). The Public Health AI Handbook: A Practical Guide for
    Epidemiologists and Public Health Practitioners.
    https://publichealthaihandbook.com

MLA Format (9th Edition)

Tegomoh, Bryan. The Public Health AI Handbook: A Practical Guide for
    Epidemiologists and Public Health Practitioners. 2025.
    https://publichealthaihandbook.com. Accessed [Your Access Date].

Chicago Style (17th Edition)

Tegomoh, Bryan. "The Public Health AI Handbook: A Practical Guide for
    Epidemiologists and Public Health Practitioners." 2025.
    https://publichealthaihandbook.com.

Citing a Specific Chapter or Section

When referencing specific content, cite at the chapter level for precision and to credit contributors.

BibTeX Format

@incollection{tegomoh2025history,
  author = {Tegomoh, Bryan},
  title = {AI in Context: A Brief History},
  booktitle = {The Public Health AI Handbook},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://publichealthaihandbook.com/part1-foundations/chapter01-history.html},
  note = {Chapter 1, Accessed: [Your Access Date]}
}

APA Format

Tegomoh, B. (2025). AI in Context: A Brief History. In The Public Health AI
    Handbook. https://publichealthaihandbook.com/part1-foundations/chapter01-history.html

MLA Format

Tegomoh, Bryan. "AI in Context: A Brief History." The Public Health AI Handbook,
    2025, https://publichealthaihandbook.com/part1-foundations/chapter01-history.html.
    Accessed [Your Access Date].

Chicago Style

Tegomoh, Bryan. "AI in Context: A Brief History." In The Public Health AI Handbook.
    2025. https://publichealthaihandbook.com/part1-foundations/chapter01-history.html.

Citing Primary Sources Referenced in the Handbook

ImportantBest Practice: Cite the Original Source

When the handbook discusses or summarizes research from other sources (journal articles, reports, datasets, etc.), always cite the original source rather than citing the handbook as a secondary reference.

Why? This: - Gives proper credit to the original researchers - Provides readers with the primary source for verification - Maintains academic integrity and rigor - Follows scholarly citation standards

Example

Incorrect: > According to Tegomoh (2025), MYCIN was an expert system that performed > as well as infectious disease specialists.

Correct: > MYCIN, an expert system for diagnosing bacterial infections, performed > as well as infectious disease specialists in controlled evaluations > (Shortliffe et al., 1975).

How to find original sources: Each chapter includes a “Further Reading” section with full citations of key papers and resources discussed in that chapter.

Versioning and Access Dates

Because this is a living online resource that is updated regularly:

Current Version

  • Version: 1.0
  • Last Major Update: October 2025
  • Publication Date: October 2025

Why Include Access Dates

Online resources can change. Including an access date helps: - Document which version you consulted - Enable reproducibility - Meet citation requirements for many journals and institutions

Format Example

Tegomoh, B. (2025). The Public Health AI Handbook.
    https://publichealthaihandbook.com (Accessed: October 12, 2025).

Citation Examples by Use Case

In a Research Paper

Recent handbooks have synthesized AI applications in public health (Tegomoh, 2025), highlighting both promising applications and deployment challenges.

In a Literature Review

For a comprehensive overview of AI history in healthcare, see Tegomoh (2025, Chapter 1).

In a Presentation or Report

Source: Tegomoh, B. (2025). The Public Health AI Handbook. https://publichealthaihandbook.com

In a Grant Proposal

As documented in The Public Health AI Handbook (Tegomoh, 2025), AI-enabled disease surveillance systems have demonstrated…

For Contributors

If you contribute content to this handbook:

  1. Your contributions are attributed in the chapter acknowledgments
  2. You can cite your contributed sections using your name as author:
YourName. (2025). [Section Title]. In B. Tegomoh (Ed.), The Public Health AI
    Handbook. https://publichealthaihandbook.com/[chapter-url]
  1. Contact us at bryantegomoh.com if you need formal contribution documentation for CVs or tenure files

License Information

This work is licensed under the MIT License.

  • You may: Use, share, adapt, and build upon this work
  • You must: Provide attribution (cite the handbook)
  • No warranty: The handbook is provided “as is”

Full license: LICENSE

Questions About Citations?

Citation Standards We Follow

This handbook follows citation best practices from:

  • International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)
  • Council of Science Editors (CSE)
  • American Psychological Association (APA)
  • Modern Language Association (MLA)
  • Public Health academic standards

Last updated: October 2025 | Version 1.0

References

Bailey, Zinzi D, Justin M Feldman, and Mary T Lewis. 2017. “Structural Racism and Health Inequities in the USA: Evidence and Interventions.” The Lancet 389 (10077): 1453–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X.
Berkman, Nancy D, Stacey L Sheridan, Katrina E Donahue, David J Halpern, and Karen Crotty. 2011. “Low Health Literacy and Health Outcomes: An Updated Systematic Review.” Annals of Internal Medicine 155 (2): 97–107. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-155-2-201107190-00005.
Breakstone, Joel, Mark Smith, Sam Wineburg, Amie Rapaport, Jill Carle, Moriah Garland, and Anna Saavedra. 2021. “Lateral Reading: College Students Learn to Critically Evaluate Internet Sources in an Online Course.” Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review 2 (1). https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-56.
Covello, Vincent T. 2006. “Risk Communication and Message Mapping: A New Tool for Communicating Effectively in Public Health Emergencies and Disasters.” Journal of Emergency Management 4 (3): 25–40.
European Union. 2022. “Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 on a Single Market for Digital Services (Digital Services Act).” https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32022R2065.
Freimuth, Vicki S, Donald Musa, Karen Hilyard, Sandra Crouse Quinn, and Keri Kim. 2014. “Trust During the Early Stages of the 2009 H1N1 Pandemic.” Journal of Health Communication 19 (3): 321–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2013.811323.
Gao, Catherine A, Frederick M Howard, Nina S Markov, Emma C Dyer, Sanjay Ramesh, Yuan Luo, and Alexander T Pearson. 2023. “Comparing Scientific Abstracts Generated by ChatGPT to Real Abstracts with Detectors and Blinded Human Reviewers.” Npj Digital Medicine 6 (1): 75. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00819-6.
Jain, Aarushi, and Nikita Verma. 2022. “India’s New IT Rules and Platform Governance.” Internet Policy Review 11 (1): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.14763/2022.1.1631.
Kosseff, Jeff. 2019. “The Twenty-Six Words That Created the Internet.” https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501714412.
Lakoff, George. 2018. “The Truth Sandwich.” https://georgelakoff.com/2018/10/26/the-truth-sandwich/.
Lewandowsky, Stephan, John Cook, Ullrich KH Ecker, Dolores Albarracín, Naomi Kennett, Madalina Vlasceanu, Klaus Oberauer, et al. 2020. “The Debunking Handbook 2020.” Databrary. https://doi.org/10.17910/b7.1182.
Lewandowsky, Stephan, Ullrich KH Ecker, Colleen M Seifert, Norbert Schwarz, and John Cook. 2012. “Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing.” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 13 (3): 106–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612451018.
Loomba, Sahil, Alexandre de Figueiredo, Simon J Piatek, Kristen de Graaf, and Heidi J Larson. 2021. “Measuring the Impact of COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformation on Vaccination Intent in the UK and USA.” Nature Human Behaviour 5 (3): 337–48. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01056-1.
Pierri, Francesco, Brea L Perry, Matthew R DeVerna, Kai-Cheng Yang, Alessandro Flammini, Filippo Menczer, and John Bryden. 2022. “Vaccination and Social Media: A Systematic Review.” Journal of Medical Internet Research 24 (11): e38977. https://doi.org/10.2196/38977.
Roozenbeek, Jon, Sander van der Linden, Beth Goldberg, Steve Rathje, and Stephan Lewandowsky. 2022. “Psychological Inoculation Improves Resilience Against Misinformation on Social Media.” Science Advances 8 (34): eabo6254. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abo6254.
Roozenbeek, Jon, Claudia R Schneider, Sarah Dryhurst, John Kerr, Alexandra LJ Freeman, Gabriel Recchia, Anne Marthe Van Der Bles, and Sander Van Der Linden. 2020. “Susceptibility to Misinformation about COVID-19 Around the World.” Royal Society Open Science 7 (10): 201199. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201199.
Swire, Briony, Adam J Berinsky, Stephan Lewandowsky, and Ullrich KH Ecker. 2017. “The Role of Familiarity in Correcting Inaccurate Information.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 43 (12): 1948–61. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000422.
Tan, Teng-Kee, and Kishore Mahbubani. 2021. “Singapore’s Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act: A Critique.” Asian Journal of Comparative Law 16 (1): 125–47. https://doi.org/10.1017/asjcl.2021.4.
Thaker, Jagadish, and Shubhangi Ganchoudhuri. 2021. “The Role of Trust in COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Acceptance Among Black and Hispanic Communities in the United States.” JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 7 (7): e29851. https://doi.org/10.2196/29851.
World Health Organization. 2021. “Infodemic Management: An Overview of Infodemic Management During COVID-19.” https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240035270.